Author(s): H. A. Farghaly; R. E Baddour

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Abstract: Waste heat discharge from power generation stations and other sources has been areason for some environmental concern.Such concern stems from possible adverseeffects of the warm water on the ecology of the receiving waters,especiallyduring the winter months when the temperature of these waters is close to thefreezing point.Due to economic considerations,cooling of many heat producinginstallations operate as once through cooling systems.In such systems,water istaken from a close source,such as a lake,and discharged back at a temperatureabout 10-15℃ higher.Due to the environmental concerns,consideration must begiven to the difference in behavior of thermal plumes under different temperatureconditions of the receiving waters.Such considerations result from the fact thatfresh water has a peculiar equation of state.The equation of state of water is anon-linear relationship with a maximum density occurring at 4℃.For temperaturesbetween the freezing point(0℃)and 4℃ the density increases with increasingtemperature and for temperatures of 4℃ and higher,the density decreases withincreasing temperature.The non-linearity effects on the development of surfacethermal plumes were assessed by Farghaly and Baddour(1988).

DOI:

Year: 1989